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Toxoplasma gondii & Human Phenotype

Compendium of Known Effects and Ongoing Research

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Latent toxoplasma infection in real-world schizophrenia: Results from the national FACE-SZ cohort

February 12, 2018
Fond,G., Boyer, L. ,Schurhoff, F. ., Berna,F. , Godin, O., Bulzacka, E., Andrianarisoa, M. Brunel, ,L. ,Aouizerate, B. , Capdevielle, D.,Chereau, I. , Coulon, N., D'Amato, T. , Dubertret,C. , Dubreucq, J.,Faget, C.,. Lancon, Leignier,S., Mallet,J., Misdrahi, D., Passerieux, C., Rey,R., Schandrin,A., Urbach,M., Vidailhet,P., Llorca, P. M., Leboyer, M., Grp,F.S.
Schizophrenia Research 2018; 201: 373-380
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Objective: Latent Toxoplasma infection has been associated with widespread brain immune activation, increased blood brain barrier permeability, neural disruption, increased dopamine release in dopaminergic neurons, with NMDA activation and with schizophrenia (SZ) onset risk. Toxoplasma has been suggested to be a source of chronic low-grade inflammation and this inflammation has been associated with cognitive impairment in SZ. The objective of the present study were (i) to determine if latent Toxoplasma infection was associated with specific clinical features in stabilized SZ subjects, with cognitive impairment and with increased low-grade peripheral inflammation and (ii) to determine if Treatments with Anti-Toxoplasmic Activity (TATA) were associated with improved outcomes in subjects with latent Toxoplasma infection. Methods: A comprehensive 2 daylong clinical and neuropsychological battery was administered in 250 SZ subjects included between 2015 and 2017 in the national FondaMental Expert Center (FACE-SZ) Cohort. Solid phase-enzyme microplate immunoassay methods were used to measure IgG class of antibodies to T. gondii in blood sample. Latent Toxoplasma infection was defined by T. gondii IgG ratio >= 0.8, equivalent to >= 10 international units. Chronic peripheral inflammation was defined by highly sensitive Creactive protein blood level >= 3 mg/L. Results: Latent Toxoplasma infection has been found in 184 (73.6%) of this national multicentric sample. In the multivariate analyses, latent Toxoplasma infection has been significantly associated with higher PANSS negative (aOR = 1.1 [1.1-1.1], p = 0.04) and excitement subscores (aOR = 1.3 [1.1-1.6], p = 0.01), with two specific symptoms (i.e., reference delusion (aOR = 3.6 [1.2-10.6] p = 0.01) and alogia (aOR = 16.7 [2.0-134.7], p = 0.008)) and with chronic low-grade peripheral inflammation (27.2% vs. 7.6%, aOR = 3.8 [1.4-10.3], p = 0.004). Extrapyramidal symptoms remained significantly associated with latent Toxoplasma infection. On the opposite, no significant association of latent Toxoplasma infection with age, gender, age at SZ onset, suicide behavior or cognitive deficits has been found in these models (all p > 0.05). TATA were associated with lower depressive symptoms (aOR = 0.8[0.7-0.9], p = 0.01), and with lower rates of chronic peripheral inflammation (20.9% vs. 48.6%, aOR = 3.5 [1.5-7.9], p = 0.003) but not with higher cognitive scores (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The present findings suggest that Toxoplasma is almost 3 times more frequent in SZ population compared to general population in France. The potential cerebral underpinnings of the association of latent Toxoplasma infection and the above-mentioned outcomes have been discussed. Future studies should confirm that TATA may be effective to reduce Toxoplasma-associated depressive symptoms and low-grade peripheral inflammation.

Tagged: activation, delusions, disorders, gondii infection, inflammation, markers, premorbid intelligence levels, psychosis, reliability, Schizophrenia, suicide attempts, symptoms, Toxoplasma gondii, treatment, validity

Mental health

Treatment with anti-toxoplasmic activity (TATA) for Toxoplasma positive patients with bipolar disorders or schizophrenia: A cross-sectional study

October 9, 2015 Leave a Comment
Fond, G., Boyer, L., Gaman, A., Laouamri, H., Attiba, D., Richard, J. R., Delavest, M., Houenou, J., Le Corvoisier, P., Charron, D., Krishnamoorthy, R., Oliveira, J., Tamouza, R., Yolken, R., Dickerson, F., Leboyer, M., Hamdani, N.
Journal of Psychiatric Research 2015; 63: 58-64.
Click for abstract
Objective: The association between Toxoplasma gondii seropositivity and respectively Bipolar Disorder (BD) and Schizophrenia/Schizoaffective disorder (SZ) is one of the most studied link between one pathogen and psychiatric disorders. The aim of the present study was thus to retrospectively determine if the administration of an antipsychotic and/or a mood stabilizer having known in vitro Anti-Toxoplasmic Activity (TATA+) was associated with a better clinical outcome in a population of 152 BD or 114 SZ patients and seropositive for T gondii infection compared to patients receiving a treatment without anti-toxoplasmic activity (TATA-). Methods: This multicenter study was conducted in an academic public hospital during a 3-years period between 2009 and 2011. All consecutive inpatients and outpatients with SZ or BD diagnosis with a stable treatment for more than 4 weeks were recruited. socio-demographic and clinical characteristics measured with validated scales as well as a serological status for toxoplasmic infection were included. Treatments were classified according to their in vitro antitoxoplasmic activity. A multivariate model was used to determine the clinical characteristics that were significantly different between patients receiving a treatment with no antitoxoplasmic activity compared to others. Results: BD patients with positive serum antibodies against T gondii presented more lifetime depressive episodes (p = 0.048) after adjustment forage, sex and sociodemographic characteristics when treated by drug having no anti-toxo activity, compared to patients having received drugs with anti-toxo activity. A significant difference was not found in BD toxonegative patients and in SZ toxopositive or toxonegative patients. Conclusions: It seems to be of importance to consider prescribing a drug with a clear anti-toxoplasmic activity (TATA+) for BD patients seropositive to T. gondii, in particular valproate that was found as the mood stabilizer with the highest antitoxoplasmic activity. Prospective randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm this preliminary data.

Tagged: agents, antipsychotic drugs, bipolar disorder, depression, drugs, gondii infection, individuals, metaanalysis, mood stabilizer, onset, rating-scale, Schizophrenia, suicide attempts, Toxoplasma gondii, validity, valproate

Mental health

Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in individuals with mania

October 10, 2014 Leave a Comment
Dickerson, F., Stallings, C., Origoni, A., Vaughan, C., Katsafanas, E., Khushalani, S., Yolken, R.
Bipolar Disorders 2014; 16: 129-136
Click for abstract
Objectives Increased rates of infection with Toxoplasma gondii have been found in individuals with schizophrenia as compared to control groups but this issue has not been studied in mania. Methods We measured immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM class antibodies to T.gondii in 57 individuals with mania who were assessed at up to three time-points. We also measured these antibodies in 743 individuals in other psychiatric groups and in 314 non-psychiatric controls. T.gondii antibody levels were compared among groups by multivariate analyses. IgG class and IgM class antibodies to cytomegalovirus were also measured in the same samples. T.gondii antibody levels were also compared over time in the mania group. Results The mania group had a significantly elevated level of IgM antibodies to T.gondii as compared to the control individuals without a psychiatric diagnosis [odds ratio (OR)=2.33, pOR=2.32, pT.gondii were not found in individuals with the other psychiatric diagnoses. We also did not find an increased level of IgG class antibodies to T.gondii or IgG or IgM class antibodies to CMV in the individuals with mania. Within the mania group, there was a significant difference between the prevalences of increased levels of T.gondii IgM at the baseline and the follow-up time-point (t=2.97, p<0.003). Conclusions Infection with T.gondii may confer risk for mania.

Tagged: bipolar disorder, c-reactive protein, infection, infection risk, mania, mood disorders, parasite toxoplasma gondii, rating-scale, Schizophrenia, sensitivity, suicide attempts, validity

Mental health

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  • Behavior 105
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  • Mental health 439
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  • Personality 36
  • Physical health 134
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