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Toxoplasma gondii & Human Phenotype

Compendium of Known Effects and Ongoing Research

miscarriage

The relation of secondary sex ratio and miscarriage history with Toxoplasma gondii infection

August 31, 2018
Shojaee, S.,Teimouri, A., Keshavarz, H., Azami, S. J., Nouri, S.
Bmc Infectious Diseases 2018; 18: 307
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Background: Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite with worldwide distribution, infecting a broad-range of humans and warm-blooded animals. In the current study, role of this parasite on secondary sex ratio and risk of miscarriage was investigated. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 850 cord blood samples were collected in Tehran, Iran, 2014-2015. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess anti-Toxoplasma IgG in samples. Information such as sex of the neonates and age, number of previous pregnancies and history of miscarriage of the mothers were recorded in questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the possible relationship between the latent toxoplasmosis and the highlighted parameters. Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that the odds of having a male neonate in seropositive women is nearly 64% higher than that in seronegative women (OR = 1.64, CI95 = 1.16-2.33, P = 0.005). The odds ratio of having male neonate increased to 2.10 (CI95 = 1.24-3.57, P = 0.006) in high-titer seropositive women, compared to that in seronegative control group. The odds of having a miscarriage history was approximately two and a half times greater in seropositive women than in seronegative ones (OR = 2.45, CI95 = 1.56-3.87, P < 0.001). The odds ratio of having miscarriage increased to 2.76 (CI95 = 1.61-4.73, P < <.001) in low-titer seropositive women, compared to that in seronegative control group. Conclusion: Results of the current study have shown that T. gondii infection affects secondary sex ratio in human offspring and can be addressed as one of the major miscarriage causes in women.

Tagged: abortion, birth, cord blood serum, elisa, humans, latent toxoplasmosis, mice, miscarriage, pregnant women, prevalence, Secondary sex ratio, seroprevalence, Toxoplasma gondii

Reproduction

The role of infection in miscarriage

May 25, 2016
Giakoumelou, S., Wheelhouse, N., Cuschieri, K., Entrican, G., Howie, S.E.M., Horne, A.W.
Human Reproductive Update 2016; 22: 116-133
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BACKGROUND: Miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before 12 weeks (early miscarriage) or from 12 to 24 weeks (late miscarriage) of gestation. Miscarriage occurs in one in five pregnancies and can have considerable physiological and psychological implications for the patient. It is also associated with significant health care costs. There is evidence that potentially preventable infections may account for up to 15% of early miscarriages and up to 66% of late miscarriages. However, the provision of associated screening and management algorithms is inconsistent for newly pregnant women. Here, we review recent population-based studies on infections that have been shown to be associated with miscarriage. METHODS: Our aim was to examine where the current scientific focus lies with regards to the role of infection in miscarriage. Papers dating from June 2009 with key words 'miscarriage' and 'infection' or 'infections' were identified in PubMed (292 and 327 papers, respectively, on 2 June 2014). Relevant human studies (meta-analyses, case-control studies, cohort studies or case series) were included. Single case reports were excluded. The studies were scored based on the Newcastle - Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. RESULTS: The association of systemic infections with malaria, brucellosis, cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus, dengue fever, influenza virus and of vaginal infection with bacterial vaginosis, with increased risk of miscarriage has been demonstrated. Q fever, adeno-associated virus, Bocavirus, Hepatitis C and Mycoplasma genitalium infections do not appear to affect pregnancy outcome. The effects of Chlamydia trachomatis, Toxoplasma gondii, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus, parvovirus B19, Hepatitis B and polyomavirus BK infections remain controversial, as some studies indicate increased miscarriage risk and others show no increased risk. The latest data on rubella and syphilis indicate increased antenatal screening worldwide and a decrease in the frequency of their reported associations with pregnancy failure. Though various pathogens have been associated with miscarriage, the mechanism(s) of infection-induced miscarriage are not yet fully elucidated. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is required to clarify whether certain infections do increase miscarriage risk and whether screening of newly pregnant women for treatable infections would improve reproductive outcomes.

Tagged: adverse pregnancy outcomes, chlamydia-trachomatis infection, congenital-rubella syndrome, female tract, herpes-simplex-virus, human cytomegalovirus-infection, human-papillomavirus infection, in-vitro fertilization, infection, miscarriage, parvovirus b19 infection, pelvic-inflammatory-disease, pregnancy, spontaneously aborted products

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